美国“反恐”战争“成就”了本土恐惧主义

Editor's note: The United States has been at war for more than 200 of its 245 years of existence. Between the end of WW2 and 9/11 – barely 50 years – the U.S. initiated 201 conflicts that ravaged 153 countries and regions. "America: War by another name" is a special eight-part series that explores the sinister motivations for its warmongering. Episode 5 is on America's right-wing extremism.

2019年8月3日，美国极右主义论坛8chan上发布了一篇题为《难以轻忽的本相》（The Inconvenient Truth）的帖子。帖子表达了对新西兰基督城清实寺枪击案的撑持，和对西班牙裔“侵犯”得克萨斯州、少数族裔对白人的“文化与种族替代”的强烈不满。该帖发布后不久，21岁的白人青年帕特里克·伍德·克鲁修斯（Patrick Wood Crusius）——警方认定的该帖做者，进入埃尔帕索的一家沃尔玛超市，瞄准人群一阵扫射，以此表白本身反对外来移民对美国白人停止“种族大替代”的决心。

On August 3, 2019, the American far-right online forum 8chan published a post titled "The Inconvenient Truth" in support of the Christchurch Mosque shooting in New Zealand, and against a Hispanic "invasion" of Texas and the "cultural and ethnic replacement" of white people by ethnic minorities. Soon after it was posted, 21-year-old white male Patrick Wood Crusius, whom the police believed to be the author of the post, walked into a Walmart store in El Paso and opened fire at shoppers in opposition to the "great white replacement" he believed to be underway.

此日之前，年仅2个月的小婴儿保尔·安琼多（Paul Anchondo）无论若何也不会大白，本身是若何在一次通俗的超市之行中永久地失去了双亲；60岁的退伍老兵阿图罗·贝纳维德斯（Arturo Benavides）估量从未想过，本身在战争中幸存下来，却在一个普通的日常中被迫与相伴三十余年的老婆天人永隔；86岁的安吉丽娜·英格利斯比（Angelina Englisbee）则全然不知，本身与儿子在收银台前的德律风对讲，竟会成为她生射中的最初一次通话……

Before this day, a 2-month-old baby, Paul Anchondo, never knew he would lose both parents in an ordinary grocery shopping trip; a 60-year old veteran like Arturo Benavides might have never expected that even though he survived a war, he would die in an everyday event and leave behind his wife whom he had spent over 30 years with; 86-year old Angelina Englisbee had absolutely no idea that the phone call she had with her son at the cashier would be the last in her life…

那是2019年发作在美国得克萨斯州埃尔帕索的枪击案，形成23人灭亡，是昔时最为致命的一路枪击案，却也不外是近年来美国浩瀚极右恐惧主义立功中的一路。2017年8月，数千名白人至上主义者聚集在弗吉尼亚夏洛茨维尔，其间发作暴力抵触，招致40人死伤；2018年10月，匹兹堡生命之树犹太教堂发作白人至上主义恐惧袭击，形成11人灭亡，7人受伤；2019年4月28日，加利福尼亚州波威市的一所犹太教堂再次发作枪击案，形成1人灭亡；2021年1月6日，撑持特朗普的选民在极右分子的煽惑下冲入国会山，试图推翻2020年的大选成果，最末形成严峻骚乱和人员伤亡……

The 2019 El Paso shooting in Texas led to 23 deaths. Although the deadliest attack in 2019, it was but one of the many far-right terrorist crimes to have occurred in the U.S. over the past few years. In August 2017, as thousands of white supremacists staged a rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, 40 people were injured or killed; in October 2018, the white supremacist terrorist attack in Pittsburgh's Tree of Life synagogue killed 11 and injured seven; On April 28, 2019, the Poway synagogue shooting in California left one dead; On January 6, 2021, the Capitol building saw severe chaos and casualties after Trump supporters at the instigation of right-wing extremists swarmed it in a bid to overturn the results of the 2020 general election.

国内恐惧主义袭击，出格是极右主义的高涨，已成为当前美国的更大威胁之一。美国的极右主义次要包罗白人至上主义（white supremacy）、极端反政府主义（anti-government extremism）和极端社会守旧主义（social ultraconservatism）那三品种型。此中，白人至上主义在素质上是一种种族主义，是目前在美国最为流行、开展势头最快的一种极右主义意识形态。

The rise of homegrown terrorism, particularly the surge of far-right extremism, is one of the biggest threats to the U.S. today. American right-wing extremism has three main types: white supremacy, anti-government extremism and social ultraconservatism. The first is a kind of racism in nature, and it is the most popular and the fastest growing far-right ideology in the United States.

极端反政府主义的一个重要分收为民兵组织（Militia Movement），次要来源之一为美国的退伍军人步队。他们成立训练营，目的在于成立一个白人团结主义的家园。固然极端反政府主义的首要目的是政府权势巨子，但是跟着奥巴马于2008年被选总统，那一运动日渐具有反对移民、反穆斯林的倾向，与白人至上主义彼此堆叠。

An important branch of anti-government extremism is the Militia Movement – mainly made up of ex-soldiers. The Militia Movement put up training camps that are actually the gathering place for white separatists. Although this extremist strand primarily targeted government authorities, it has become increasingly anti-immigration and anti-Muslim, overlapping with the white supremacist ideology since 2008 when Barack Obama became the U.S. president.

极端社会守旧主义则是指那些要求回归美国传统的极右主义运动与思惟，包罗极端反堕胎主义、极端反同性恋、极端反移民主义、非自愿单身主义等。在那类极端社会守旧主义的案件中，有很多在意识形态上与白人至上主义有所堆叠，例如非自愿单身主义、反移民和反犹主义等。

Social ultraconservatism is a movement and ideology calling for a return to the American tradition. It includes anti-abortion extremism, anti-gay extremism, anti-immigration extremism and involuntary celibacy (Incel). Many social ultraconservatist movements, for example, the Incel movement, anti-immigrationism and anti-Semitism, share ideological similarities with white supremacy.

2019年，美国有48人因国内极端恐惧主义丧生，此中39人被白人至上主义者杀戮。固然该数值在2020年有所下降，但国内恐惧主义阴谋和袭击数量仍然到达1994年以来的更高程度，此中有2/3是由极右主义者策动的。

In 2019, 48 Americans were killed in domestic terrorist attacks, 39 of them by white supremacists. Although less people died in 2020 for this reason, the number of domestic terrorist plots and attacks was at the highest level since 1994, with two-thirds of them being conducted by right-wing extremists.

从底子上来说，近年来极右权力在美国社会的高涨源自于美国白人因经济前提恶化和文化地位边沿化而产生强烈的挫败感和身份认同危机。那种心理的产生是美国社会经济与社会构造发作剧变的产品，也与美国政府无行尽的“反恐战争”密不成分。

The rise of far-right forces in the American society is fundamentally enabled by a strong sense of frustration and an identity crisis among the white people due to the deterioration of their financial situation and the ">

为了冲击海外恐惧主义权力，美国在近20年来策动许多部分战争，包罗对伊朗、伊拉克、阿富汗和也门等地的袭击，给本地和美国军人都带来了庞大的丧失。布朗大学的最新查询拜访显示，长达20年的阿富汗战争已经耗资2.3万亿美圆（不包罗政府应该为那场战争的退伍军人付出的末生护理经费），相当于美国公民人均6949美圆。

To tackle terrorist groups overseas, the U.S. has launched regional wars over the past 20 years, including attacks on Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Yemen. This has incurred huge losses to both local and American troops. The latest research from Brown University shows that the 20-year war in Afghanistan cost $2.3 trillion. That is equivalent to the spending of $6,949 per American citizen.

同时，海外的反恐战争加剧了美国白人对穆斯林的成见，并在2008年全球金融危机招致美国经济敏捷恶化的布景下，使得美国白人对穆斯林的成见和愤慨逐步扩展为针对几乎所有少数群体的种族主义，滋长了白人民族主义，并在极右权力的鞭策下引爆严峻的种族抵触和社会动乱。

In the meantime, America's overseas war on terrorism has deepened the bias of white Americans against the Muslim population. Especially since the global financial crisis sent the U.S. economy on a rapid downturn in 2008, such bias and hostility has escalated to target almost all ethnic minorities, further consolidating the influence of white supremacists. This, at the instigation of far-right forces, has led to serious racial conflicts and social unrests.

独一在那些战争中受益的，恐怕只要美国的军工复合体了。美国的军工企业是全球军工市场的主导者。2019年，美国的洛克希德马丁公司、波音公司、诺斯洛普格鲁曼公司、雷神公司和通用动力公司排名全球前五，销售额到达了1660亿美圆。2019年，共有12家美国公司排名在全球军工企业排行榜的前25名，占军售总额的61%。而在阿富汗战争所消耗的2.3万亿美圆中，约有87%被排名前五的国防承包商纳入囊中。

The only beneficiary of the wars is probably the military-industrial complex. American defense companies are the leader of the world's arms industry. In 2019, the total sales of the global top five, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Northrup Grumman, Raytheon and General Dynamics – which are all American – reached a whopping $166 billion. In 2019, 12 American firms were on the list of the top 25 global defense companies, representing 61 percent of global arms sales. Among the $2.3 trillion spent in the war in Afghanistan, around 87 percent went into the pockets of the top five defense contractors.

通过帮助、游说国会议员，美国的军工企业在国度政策造定中获得了重要的发言权，并在其所帮助的国会议员的帮忙下得到更多的资本去消费兵器。通过对学术界、好莱坞和电子游戏等行业的渗入与影响，军工复合体得以在国内宣传维持美国霸权和推行军国主义的需要性，从而不竭策动“无行尽”的战争，促进美国军工财产的开展。在军工复合体的影响之下，美国的思惟、政治与文化都覆盖在军国主义的气氛之中，为极右恐惧主义的敏捷开展缔造极佳前提。

By funding and lobbying members of Congress, American defense contractors have gained tremendous influence in national policymaking, and, with the help of senators and representatives they have funded, obtained more resources to manufacture weapons. Through infiltration into and influence over academia, Hollywood and the video game industry, the military-industrial complex is able to propagandize at home that it is of necessity to uphold the U.S. hegemony and promote militarism. By doing so, it could keep the war machine running indefinitely to advance the defense industry. The military-industrial complex shrouds American ideologies, politics and culture with a militarist sentiment, creating a fertile ground for the rapid development of far-right terrorism.

1961年1月，军人总统艾森豪威尔在离任时颁发了一篇出名的辞别演说，警告美国“必需避免军工复合体获得不合理的影响力……权利错配现象正日益闪现，其形成灾难性后果的可能将持久存在。”六十年后的今天，美国却在成为“战争机器”的道路上越走越远，成为一个庞大的帝国主义兵事机器和国内极右恐惧主义的温床，为美国社会的内部门裂与动乱埋下隐忧。

America "must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist," then American President Dwight Eisenhower warned in his famous farewell speech in January 1961. Sixty years later, however, the U.S. is turning itself into an imperialist military machine, creating a hot bed for domestic far-right terrorism and sowing the seeds for social division and turmoil.

做者系中国社会科学院美国研究所助理研究员俞凤

The author, Yu Feng, is an assistant research fellow at the Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

来源：CGTN